jó tanács ballagása ... :D

...
Bűnösök, kiket elhagyott az ész,
Lélekben elfajzottak és sötétek,
Kiknek az agya torz és csenevész,
Balgák, kiket befontak tévedések,                       

Kik származástok megcsúfolva éltek,
Főt hajtva a szégyenhalál előtt,
S a lelkiismeretfurdalás sem ád erőt,
Gyávák, szégyenbe buktok, meg nem állva!
...

                             ...

Járd tréfa, gúny, lant, s nóta útját,

szédítsd rútul, ki lépre megy,

segítsen síp, vagy jós hazugság,

szavalj ripacs, víg rímeket,

moralitást, szent éneket,

pártoljon kocka, kugli, kártya:

fut a pénz – hova? kérdezed?

Elfut mind borra, meg leányra!

...

...

S bár nincs borom, hazám, se feleségem
és lábaim között a szél fütyül:
lesz még pénzem és biztosan remélem,
hogy egyszer nékem minden sikerül.

...

Francia vagyok Párizs városából,
mely lábam alatt a piszkos mélybe vész,
s most méterhosszan lógok egy nyárfaágról,
és nyakamon érzem, hogy seggem míly nehéz.

Francois Villon-tól

doggy drive :)))

tolerance becomes a crime when applied to evil. - Thomas Mann

papucsos vinSZENT :)))

mai napos séta :)))

a "civilizált" európaiak mosatlanok voltak akkor, rohadt ki a foguk, és ellepték arany utáni kapzsisággal a civilizált - egy net-troll által állatoknak nevezett - indiánok városait ... aztán a szabadvakolók kézbevették a helyzetet és egy pár évszázad alatt a világ legnagyobb népirtását meg is csinálták ... az embertelen emberiség egyik legnagyobb szégyene, szerintem vetekedik az állatok holokausztjával, a kiirtott, megölt állatok száma az emberiség történelme során a végtelenhez közelít

vicces - nagyon -, hogy a pápa most ébredt fel, hogy elismerje azt, hogy az állatok is mennybe kerülnek ... semmi újat nem mondott, sőt, az állatok jobban megérdemlik, hogy oda jussanak, ha egyáltalán van ilyen hely ... ők pokolra biztos nem fognak jutni, mert már ott vannak!

"Keresd az igazságot, vagy dugd a fejed a homokba. Mindkettő ásást igényel."

20 millióról írtam, az kevés volt, összesen 100 millió amerikai indiánt irtottak ki a bevándorló telepesek (1492-1914)!

'Never Forget - The Native American Genocides

By Martha Bowman

Never Forget

a friend sent me the picture below a few days ago and it sent me digging through some old composition assignments for this paper. I am encluding it here on my Hub site because I think it's important.

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Source: from a friend on Face Book

The Paper.

‘Never Forget’
Though these two words may mean nothing to you, to those whose ancestors perished by stake, drowning, flame, and other forms of torture during the Crusades, the Inquisitions, the Native American Genocides, and countless other atrocities before and since these times; they are of utmost importance. ‘Never Forget’ is the rallying cry of all the native peoples driven to near extinction through genocide, both culturally and physically.
Man, more specifically the (mostly) Caucasian European nations, in the name of Christianity, has used domination, torture, slavery, and often total genocide of the original peoples to gain and keep control of the wealth and power they consider their right. In this way they have justified some of the most brutal slaughters in human history; from the wars of the late Roman Empire, to the Crusades, to the Inquisition, to world wars, and genocide against the heathen, heretic, Muslim, and Jew. The Holy Roman Catholic Church endorsed and/or orchestrated most of these — with the origins of these atrocities in their faulty or slanted interpretations of the teaching of Jesus.
To do nothing more than tally a list of all these atrocities would require a volume the size of War and Peace. On the North American continent alone, a mere infant of five hundred and twenty years since its ‘discovery’, ‘The American Holocaust’, known as the 500 year war, an estimated 95,000,000 to 114,000,000+ native peoples have perished as result of Christendom and its greed.
From the moment Christopher Columbus (a former slave trader and would-be Holy Crusader) set foot on the beaches of San Salvador in 1492 their fate was sealed. The native peoples were slaughtered and massacred like animals; indeed they were considered soulless animals beyond domesticating.
A Spanish missionary, Bartolome de las Casas, described eye-witness accounts of mass murder, torture and rape. (Barry Lopez summarizes Las Casas’ report.)
"One day, in front of Las Casas, the Spanish dismembered, beheaded, or raped 3000 people. Such inhumanities and barbarisms were committed in my sight, the Spanish cut off the legs of children who ran from them. They poured people full of boiling soap. They made bets as to who, with one sweep of his sword, could cut a person in half. They loosed dogs that devoured an Indian like a hog, in less than a moment. They used nursing infants for dog food.”
"Columbus took the title 'Admiral of the Ocean Sea' and proceeded to unleash a reign of terror unlike anything seen before or since. When he was finished, eight million Arawaks -- virtually the entire native population of Hispaniola -- had been exterminated by torture,
murder, forced labor, starvation, disease, and despair."
The Spaniards eventually went on to conquer Mexico and the southern part of the North American continent using the same process of genocide. By the time the 16th century came to a close, some 200,000 Spaniards had moved to the Americas and probably more than 60,000,000 natives were dead.
With the establishment of the Jamestown Colony (Virginia) in 1607 by the English and the French Quebec Colony in 1608 followed on their heels by New Amsterdam, now Holland (New York) in1624 and New Sweden (New Jersey) in 1638 the fate of the aboriginals was sealed.
Interested only in the land the natives lived on and having little Need for slaves the colonists initiated mass killings. They raided villages killing every man, woman, and child leaving the carcasses to rot or be eaten by carrion. They destroyed villages, burned crops, poisoned animals, and defaced sacred sites.
David E. Stannard referring to a letter written in 1723 stated:
"Hundreds of Indians were killed in skirmish after skirmish. Other hundreds were killed in successful plots of mass poisoning. They were hunted down by dogs. Their canoes and fishing weirs were smashed, their villages and agricultural fields burned to the ground. Indian peace offers were accepted by the English only until their prisoners were returned; then, having lulled the natives into false security, the colonists returned to the attack. It was the colonists' expressed desire that the Indians be exterminated, in a single raid the settlers destroyed corn
sufficient to feed four thousand people for a year. Starvation and the massacre of non- combatants is becoming the preferred British approach to dealing with the natives."
Determining that conventional extermination of the native people was not fast enough Christian Missionaries were encouraged to provide blankets and other gifts that had been previously used by colonial smallpox victims as peace offerings thereby reducing their population by half before the culling even began. John Winthrop, first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wrote in 1634, “as for the natives, they are near all dead of the smallpox, so as the Lord hath cleared our title to what we possess. In 1703 Massachusetts offered a bounty of 12 pounds on each Indian scalp which increased to 100 pounds by 1723. This practice was so lucrative that frontier posts actually solicited them like they did animal pelts. The scalp buyers made no distinction between male or female, child or adult, infant or ancient; often paying more for the younger ones as they brought more money in England as souvenirs.
In 1776 Independence was declared. Hostilities against the Indian decreased while the colonists immersed themselves in the obtaining their freedom. By the early 1800s though it was business as usual and the American people turned their attentions back to enforcing their ‘Christian’ duty of eradicating the heathen from the Promised Land.
George Washington, the first President of the ‘Land of the Free’, compared the native to wolves referring to them as “beasts of prey” in a speech to the Governors and calling for their complete eradication.’
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 by Thomas Jefferson opened the land beyond the Mississippi to expansion westward for the already crowded new country. This renewed the blood lust for native lives and lands. Jefferson believed “a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms.” (“Those who labor in the earth,” he wrote, “are the chosen people of God.”)
This land rush was called by many names, some of the most popular being ‘The Wild West’ and ‘The Frontier Age’. Popularized in novels and magazines as the time of the ‘cowboys and Indians’; when the brave settlers and vastly outnumbered Calvary fought and eventually defeating the Indian, making our land safe for the American People.
The Indian; having learned well the lessons the white man taught, were indeed becoming savage by this time, with wide scale killings, burnings, and even the taking of scalps. The battles were either referred to as Divine Providence or Massacres by ‘The Savage Red Devils’ depending on the outcome of each battle.
The Battle of Horse Shoe Bend in 1814 where Andrew Jackson oversaw not only the stripping away of the flesh of 800+ dead Indians for manufacture into bridle reins, but also that
souvenirs from the corpses were distributed to the ladies of Tennessee was a victory, while The Battle of Little Bighorn, in June 1876, also known as Custer’s Last Stand, was a massacre.
The Removal Act of 1830 resulting in the nefarious Trail of Tears (a forced march of the Cherokees, resulting in the destruction of most of the Cherokee population) in 1838 was heralded as a brilliant strategic movement while Geronimo was referred to as a power hungry savage.
The discovery of gold in California in 1849 and shortly thereafter in Alaska, followed by the Homestead Act of 1862 opened up the flood gates sealing the fate of the native.
Native historian, Jack Forbes, wrote:” In 1848, before the gold rush in California, that state's native population is estimated to have been 150,000. In 1870, after the gold rush, only about 31,000 were still alive.”
The eventual defeat and forced removal from their homelands into small concentration camps (find a better name for them) caused increased death, by military, disease, starvation, extremely harsh conditions.
The late 19^th Century witnessed a different type of genocide perpetrated on the Indian. Cultural genocide was utilized in a concentrated effort to Americanize the few natives who survived the ethnic cleansings; resulting in destruction of the native way of life. Indigenous youths were incarcerated, indoctrinated with non-indigenous Christian values, and forced into manual labor. Often they didn’t see their families until later in their adulthood after their value systems and knowledge had been supplanted with Christian thinking. One of the foundations of
The U.S. strategy was to replace traditional leadership with indoctrinated converts in order to expedite compliance with their goals.
The government’s and religious organizations’ systematical destruction of Native American culture and religious heritage continued through the 20^th Century and on into the 21^st in catastrophic and unexpected ways. John Toland is quoted as saying:
“Hitler’s concept of the concentration camps as well as the practicality of genocide owed much, so he claimed, to his studies of English and United States history. He often praised to his inner circle the efficiency of America’s extermination-by starvation and uneven combat-of the ‘Red Savages’ who could not be tamed by captivity.” ( “Adolf Hitler”, Vol. II, p. 802, Doubleday and Co. N.Y. 1976 )” The World finally took notice in 1948 when primarily white victims of Nazi Germany faced cultural extinction. The “Holocaust” of World War II came to be the model of genocide still being used today.
After WWII the United States quickly emerged as the world's "superpower" primarily through its economic might. For some time, many believed the U.S. to be a shining example of economic freedom for other nations to emulate. Indeed, America was eager to promote "economic freedom" globally to open new markets for U.S.-based corporations
In the 21^st Century which many believe to be ‘The last generation’; we as the human race, must realize that other genocides have occurred. Genocide against many particular groups is still going on today – and America is still at the top of the list of tyrants. Whether in Vietnam or Iraq, Nicaragua or Indonesia, the inconvenient truth is that “human rights” are
reserved for white male Americans and Israeli Jews. The US native population, women, blacks, the Vietnamese, the Palestinians, the Iraqis, and all other minorities are inferior and entitled to no particular consideration.
It is time to admit to the wrongs we have done or let be done. It is time to stand up and say NO MORE.:
Taking a quote from “The Border on Our Backs” (RA#10)
“We deny the nopal no longer. We know full well we’re not on foreign soil, but on Indian lands. (Were we supposed to forget that too?) So there’s no going back. If anything, we are back. The whole continent, the whole earth---which our ancestors have traversed for thousands of years---is our mother. Meanwhile we watch Congress and the president do a dance about not pardoning or not granting amnesty to those who’ve been remanded to live in shadows. Sinverquenzas! Just who precisely needs to be pardoned? Those who are exploited and who have been here forever …. Or those who have been complicit in our dehumanization?”
Though this history has long since been forgotten or ignored, the earliest followers of Jesus rejected violence, tried to return good for evil, fed the hungry, did acts of mercy and unconditional love and tried to make friends out of their enemies (by caring for them, feeding them, praying for them and certainly refusing to kill them or pay for somebody else to kill them). Wakeup all you who claim allegiance to Jehovah and salvation through Christ His Son and heed this message:

“Jesus would surely have condemned his church’s complicity in the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans, the enslavement of black Africans, and the segregationist, apartheid policies that were designed by various ruling elites to destroy ethnic or religious minorities.”

Source: google image

Source: google image

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Source: google image

Source: google image

Source: google image

 http://gipsiecrone.hubpages.com/hub/Never-Forget-The-Native-American-Genocides

instant karma's gonna get you ... :)))

Radnóti Miklós: Decemberi reggel

A vastag ég szobánkba lép
és puhán feldőlnek tőle mind
aprócska tárgyaink.

Ó, vasárnap reggel, te édes!              

hat érdes reggel gondja ring
s kiúszik ablakunkon.

Mert hó ragyog kint és pehely
szöszös pehelyre szálldos ujra,
fehérre hófehér.

Az utcai csenden át gyerek
piroska orráról beszél
sok gyöngyös szippanás.

Ó, lassú ébredés, óra
csengése nélkül, jó piszmogás
és hűvös, tiszta ing.

S mint a szabadság szerszámai,
csendben várnak ránk léceink
mélázó szíjaikkal.
*
Az ég a földig ér!
vonulj a hallgatag erdők felé,
komisz jövőd úgyis kisér
és sorsod úgyis lankadó,
mint holtrasebzett őzeké.
És holnap már lehet,
hogy utólszor tétováz ajkadon
elillanó lehelleted
s halott arcodra sávokat
a hulló bombák árnya von.
1936.

itt a szőrme, hogy az ignoráns, érzéketlen libák legyen amit hordjanak!

"be yourself, don't hide", take off the mask ... and freedom and lots of horses :)

az igazi hálaadás ünnepe, amiért húszmillió indián az életével fizetett ... van amit ünnepelni ...

ne tegyünk mással (beleértve az állatokat is) olyasmit, amit nem szeretnénk, hogy velünk megtörténjen!

let your light shine

Juhász Ferenc : Csikóellés

Májusi rózsák nyíltak éppen,
bodza bomlott és orgonák,
mikor a ló elleni készült.

Sokszor pihent, döcögve járt.
Pöttöm legényke jártatta lassan
virágos réten és dalolt.

Mire fáradtan hazaértek
az ég kék vállán ült a Hold.

Az istállóban, puha almon,
tajték verte ki, remegett,
szuszogtak, fújtak, fekve nézték
szétterült hasú tehenek.

Amikor a kazlak is aludtak,
s a göncöl rúdja délnek állt,
a ló megellett. Sokáig nyalta
leragadt szemű csikaját.

Anyja mellett aludt a jövevény,
dunnából kiszakadt pehely.
Sose terült a szalma szebben,
nem aludt így a hó, a tej.

Piros kalappal jött a hajnal,
intett és aztán elfutott.
A csikó fölállt, csomós kis lába
reszketett, akár a habok.

S ahogy az ablakon bedugta kék orrát
a reggel, s rájuk szagolt,
anyja hasát döfködte vidáman,
hamvas pofával megszopott.

Lombok susogtak össze-vissza,
tyúkok kotortak, boldogok,
irigységükben elhervadtak
az arany szirmú csillagok.

logikus magyarázata a csukott elméjűeknek : az elefánt állatkertben született, ergo neki így a szuper, nagyon meg van elégedve, minden rendben vele, szeretné ha élete végéig bezárva tartanák, nem is vágyik másra!

mi kell történjen ahhoz, hogy felnyíljon, felpattanjon az emberek tágra bevarrt szeme, hogy lássák naponta hány millió állat szenved, hogy fizetik azt, hogy ipari farmokon tartsák őket, kihasználják a végtelenségig, zárva tartsák kis helyen, majd szörnyű körülmények között vágóhídra szállítsák és megöljék őket a tradíció, szokás, íz és kényelem nevében???'!!!

már az Ókorban híres emberek rájöttek arra, hogy az állatokat kihasználjuk a saját hasznunkra és lemondtak a húsevésről, és nagyon sok tudós, író, stb. rájött erre a történelem során ... remélem nap mint nap egyre több ember fog felébredni eszméletlenségéből!

ha valamit ősrégi idők óta csinál az emberiség, az egyáltalán nem jelenti azt, hogy jó is amit tesznek, vagy felhatalmazza őket, hogy tovább folytassák a tradíció és szokás nevében, ez röhejes!

különben a többség agymosása működőképes, inkább hátat fordítanak az emberek, mintsem szembesüljenek az igazsággal.

úgy bánjunk más élőlényekkel, ahogy mi akarjuk, hogy bánjanak velünk

az állatok nem tárgyak, hanem nem-emberi élőlények, nincs amiért az ember alábbvalónak, alacsonyabb rendűnek tekintse őket, sőt, még sok mindent tanulhatunk tőlük!

:))))

bepillantás szarvasmarhák mindennapjaiba ... gyerekekkel helyettesítve

Bekecs-túra 2014 képekben

(fotók : Zsuzsa)

when all seems lost, there is always hope ------- greed, oil, money

hazafele a Bekecsről

LIFE - "I'll fix it!" ... "No matter the situation I can make it good." ... "You make one mistake and your entire world comes crashing down." ... "this isn't your home anymore!"

"if you want a rainbow you have to deal with the rain."

ezek azok a dolgok, amik a szemellenzőt helyben tartják - az állati eredetű termékek fogyasztásának okai

                                                           habit ----- megszokás
                                                     tradition ----- tradíció
                                               convenience ----- kényelem
                                                           taste ----- íz

e négy szó miatt állatok milliárdjai szenvednek és halnak meg évente, mert húst-hússal kell enni sajttal, tejjel, tejföllel megöntözve, mert ez folyik a tévéből a reklámokban, aztán másfajta reklámokban meg reklámozzák a szívgyógyszereket, a vérnyomáscsökkentőket, koleszterinszint csökkentőket, de azt már nem, hogy hány ember hal meg szívrohamban, agyvérzésben, stb.
így megvan az ördögi kör, ez nekik így nagyon jó, s amíg a nyájszellem is megvan, addig simán lehet irányítani őket.

"Damn these human beings; if I had invented them I would go hide my head in a bag." - Mark Twain

Ne legyen lovad!…

…ha nincs finanszírozási háttered a tartására, állatorvosi és egyéb költségeire

…ha nincs hozzáértésed, vagy valaki, akitől megtanulhatod, hogyan bánj a lovaddal

…ha nincs elegendő időd, amit rászánhatsz, hogy napi szinten foglalkozz vele

…ha nem támogat a környezeted, és állandóan küzdened kell, hogy foglalkozhass vele

…ha nem tudod elfogadni, hogy a lóval való foglalkozás egy életforma

…ha nem érzel elegendő elkötelezettséget, felelősséget, hogy kellően gondoskodj róla

…ha csak státusszimbólumnak kell a ló, vagy nincs semmi célod vele

…ha nem érző lénynek, hanem csak eszköznek tekinted

…ha nem tudod felmérni, hogy a ló ki van szolgáltatva az embernek

…ha nem tudod biztosítani, hogy “ló” maradhasson…



 http://lovamvan.hu/lovam-van/

húsevőknek

forrás : Our Hen House

nos, ki az okosabb?? :)))

BejegyzésRadio 1 által

"elítéljük az állatokat.

elkülönítjük őket magunktól és alsóbbrendű lényeknek tekintjük őket. miért lennének alacsonyabb rendűek? látásuk sokkal jobb, mint a mienk, főleg a madaraké. hallásuk sokkal jobb, mint a mienk, különösen a szarvasoké, denevéreké és az elefántoké. szaglásuk is sokkal fejlettebb mienknél, egyes kutyák kiszagolják a rákot vagy szag alapján előrejelzik az epileptikus rohamot. jó előre megérzik a veszélyes időjárást és a földrengéseket. ízlelésük is sokkal jobb, a hiénák, a farkasok és sok más állat megtudja az íznyomokból a nyomot hagyó állat nemét, korát, általános egészségi állapotát és az elfogyasztott eledele minőségét ahol volt. saját nyelvük lehetőséget ad arra, hogy nagy számban együttműködjenek, különösen a tonhalak, a farkasok, vagy a delfinek vagy más cetfajok. nagy távolságokból tudnak egymással kommunikálni, és nekünk fogalmunk sincs mit is mondanak. fizikai erejük és kitartásuk általában felülmúlja a mienkét. szóval milyen kritériumok alapján ítéljük mi el őket? annak az alapján, ami képessé tesz minket, hogy megöljük őket, kizsákmányoljuk őket lelkiismeret furdalás nélkül és bolygónkat egy kopár csatatérré tegyük?"

 - the vegan view -

azért, mert nem értjük az állatok sajátos nyelvét, kommunikációját, az csak a mi intelligenciaszintünket jellemzi, és nem jelenti egyáltalán azt, hogy az állatok nálunknál alacsonyabb rendűek!

"szemet szemért, fogat fogért" ... aztán később: "miképpen mi is megbocsájtunk az ellenünk vétkezőknek" - most melyiket higgyük el, melyiket alkalmazzuk?! mesekönyv felnőtteknek (ismétlem magam), nincs isten, mert ha volna, nem tűrné el azt a sok szörnyűséget, amit művel az emberiség emberrel, állattal!!!!

a gyerekek jobban tudják ...

Monty Roberts mondja a lovakról, és milyen igaz!

"Imagine if every human we dealt with told us the absolute truth. Imagine if those we love could be trusted completely. Imagine how the world would be if all humans had no selfish intentions where we are concerned. Utopia would be the outcome. Horses give us the opportunity to experience this if we will take the time to learn their instinctual patterns of behavior.

Horses have never stalked, killed and devoured any other species. Horses want no violence in their life. It is now my obligation to bring these facts to the world of horsemanship so that the use of violence can be eliminated from the human tendency to control through force. Horses could play an extremely valuable role in changing the world."

eltemetni a kutyát

gréjt ekszpektéjsönsz (dézsa vű ... széjm ending)

"Here we are now; entertain us A mulatto, an albino, a mosquito, my libido ... Hello, hello, hello, how low" :))))

breathe in (and out) ... tanulság? középkorú férfi krízise? kígyót melengetett keblén? vagy nem azt tesszük, amit szeretnénk?

dupla szivárvány lóhátról :))) és tóban fürdés :)))

mindent a szénáról ... a legjobb keverni a fűszénát a lucerna- vagy lóhereszénával

All About Hay

Hay is the basis of virtually every horse's diet, but all hays aren't created equal.

By Audrey Pavia | July 2005

41

101

The decision about what kind of hay to feed your horse is not an easy one, even if you know a thing or two about equine nutrition. After all, with several types of hays available at your feed store, how can you possibly know which one is right for your particular horse?
We asked equine nutritionists, whose goal is to provide horses with the most balanced nutrition possible, to help explain the answer to this question.
Making Hay
Hay is a harvested plant that has been dried and cured after being cut in the field at various times in its growth period, depending on the type of hay. The leaves grow out first, the plant develops a bud, the bud becomes a bloom, and the bloom eventually goes to seed. In most cases, hay is cut during the late bud or early bloom phase. This method maximizes hay’s nutritional value and extends the amount of hay yielded per acre.
The fiber content of hay increases as it grows,while the protein content diminishes. Most of the protein found in hay is in the leaves, while the stalks are richer in fiber.
In order to produce quality hay suitable for feeding to horses—free of dust, mold and weeds—it must be cut at the right age and when the weather is dry and warm. After being cut, the hay dries in the field before it is baled.
Most horse owners are familiar with only a few types of hay, depending on the part of the country in which they live. However, a vast array of hays are commonly fed to horses in the United States, including timothy, orchard, alfalfa, coastal, oat, fescue, clover and rye, to name just a few.
Each type of hay falls into one of two categories: legumes and grasses. Commonly fed legume hays include alfalfa and clover, with most other hays falling into the grass family.
"Within the grasses, there are cool-season and warm-season varieties,” says Juliet M. Getty, Ph.D., an equine nutritionist in private practice in Haslet, Texas. "Cool-season grasses include timothy, orchard grass and fescue. These grasses grow best in areas where the summer season is not very hot. They have a slightly higher sugar level than warm season grasses and are therefore preferred by horses because of their taste. Warm-season grasses include bromegrass and coastal Bermuda.”
There are cereal grain hays as well, such as barley, oat, wheat or rye, which are also types of grasses. Getty cautions, "Grain hays tend to be higher in nitrates. While horses can tolerate nitrate levels up to 2 percent, it is best to have the hay tested before being fed. If this is the main source of forage in the diet, the horse will consume too much starch, leading to such problems as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and even laminitis,” she says.
Grasses Versus Legumes
In order to make the right choice for your horse’s diet, it’s important to understand the nutritional value of legume and grass hays, and how the two types complement each other.
"Grass hays have a medium to low protein content,” Getty says. "They are low in the essential amino acid, lysine. Therefore, they are best fed as part of a feeding plan that includes a legume [or a supplemental feed] to balance out the amino acid profile.”
Getty notes that the fiber content of most grass hays is relatively high, compared to other types of hays. For example, orchard grass, timothy and coastal Bermuda have more stalks, and hence more fiber, than leafier bromegrass or fescue.
Grass hays are also low in calcium, zinc, selenium and vitamin E. Timothy is somewhat higher in calcium than other grass hays and has a favorable calcium-to-phosphorus ratio; it also contains a substantial amount of vitamins A and D. When it comes to prairie or wild native grasses, these hays are typically lower in protein content than other grass hays. Their vitamin and mineral content is also lower. Generally, these grasses are combined with several weeds when grown, which pull nutrients from the grass plant.
"Grass and small grain hays vary greatly in nutritive value and palatability, depending on the variety, where it is grown and stage of maturity when harvested,” says equine nutritionist William A. Schurg, Ph.D., professor and equine specialist at the University of Arizona in Tucson. "Grass hays typically provide less protein and energy than good quality legumes. Because grass and cereal hays tend to have higher levels of fiber content and relatively low nutrient content, this makes them ‘safer’ to feed to horses in a free-choice setting. The exception to this would be fescue grass, which can contain an endophyte [an organism] which may cause problems in pregnant mares, such as abortion, stillborn foals and agalactia [a faulty secretion of milk].”
Conversely, legumes tend to be rich in nutrients and provide more energy than grass hays. Alfalfa is one of most commonly fed legumes and is widely available in many parts of the country.
"Alfalfa hay is well accepted by horses,” says equine nutritionist Robert Wright, Ph.D., veterinary scientist for equine and alternative livestock at the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food in Fergus Ontario Canada. "Alfalfa hay has to be fed with some care because of its high calcium level in relation to phosphorus, which ranges from 5:1 to 8:1.”

Alfalfa is an excellent source of protein and energy, according to Wright. "Adult horses require 10 to 11 percent crude protein in their overall diet, while growing horses require 12 to 14 percent,” he says. "Pure alfalfa hay, as found in second cut hay, can have protein levels up to and exceeding 18 percent protein. This high level of protein is not required for most horses.”
Wright notes that excess protein from both hay and grain feed sources is broken down into carbohydrates that serve as an additional source of energy. One downside of alfalfa consumption is that it can lead to increased urination and wetter bedding. Horses on light work schedules may also develop excess energy when fed an exclusive diet of alfalfa.
Schurg points out that healthy horses fed alfalfa hay are not at risk for kidney problems. "I believe that the kidney situation is a long-time wives’ tale that has no merit based on use of alfalfa hay and the healthy horse. I believe that a healthy horse that eats alfalfa hay, has plenty of water to drink and no prior kidney disease is not going to have any problems.” However, he does warn that there should be limited or no access to alfalfa for horses with possible or existing kidney problems.
Clover is another commonly fed legume hay and one that is particularly enjoyed by horses, according to Wright. "Horses like clover and will select the highly palatable clovers from the pastures and hay,” he says. "The white clovers have 1/3 less fiber content than other roughages, such as bromegrass and alfalfa.”
Wright notes that white clover, in its lush stage of growth, could contain as much as 22 to 25 percent crude protein. This hay also has a high digestible energy content. Schurg explains digestible energy content as the portion of hay that is digested and used for energy by the horse.
What to Feed?
With all this variation in nutritional value and digestible energy, it can be difficult to determine which types of hay to feed your horse. However, if you are like most horse owners, you’ll be limited in your decisions based on your geographic location—not all hays are available in all places. Whatever individual hays are sold in your area, the best option is to combine legumes and grasses to keep your horse healthy.
"Grass hay cannot provide all of the nutrients a horse needs to be healthy, so even the finest grass hay will require additional sources of nutrients either from other feedstuffs, such as legumes, other forages, concentrates or from supplements,” Getty says. "Grass hay acts as a staple to the diet by providing a continual source of roughage, which is necessary for the health of the digestive tract. Grass hays are lower in calories than legume hays and therefore are less likely to create weight gain.”
It’s also important to note that alfalfa, alfalfa mixes and clover mixes are highly suitable for horses that require additional amino acids and calcium for growth and performance. "Pregnant and lactating mares, young, growing horses, performance horses and horses with suppressed immune function will benefit from the additional nutritional value that legumes provide,” Getty says.
If a horse is being fed hay that does not have a high nutritional content, he should receive a vitamin/mineral supplement to compensate for the hay’s nutrient deficiency, Getty continues. "Vitamins, such as vitamin C, vitamin E and the vitamin A precursor, beta carotene, are easily destroyed by excessive exposure to sunlight, heat and moisture,” she explains. "Hays, especially legumes, are low in zinc and selenium, so supplementation is important here, as well. Since alfalfa is high in calcium and low in phosphorus and magnesium, it is necessary to balance it with other forages or feeds that can provide the additional phosphorus and magnesium.”

Ensuring proper nutrition can be easier when a complete ration is used. "If a complete ration is added to a hay diet in amounts that are appropriate for the horse’s age, weight and work level, an additional vitamin/mineral supplement should not be necessary,” Getty says. For the healthy adult horse, Getty believes that hay and a complete ration should be adequate.
"It is true that a legume and grass combination may not meet all the needs of the horse; however, indiscriminate supplementation would not be my recommendation until an extensive hay analysis is conducted,” Schurg says. "Once one knows which nutrients are likely deficient then an appropriate supplementation program can be initiated. Too many horse owners want to add a dab of this and that and run the risk of oversupplementation. Consider that the bulk of our horses are only on light work, or less—a good quality mix hay would likely meet the primary needs of the horse at maintenance.”
Given this reality, feeding both grasses and legumes is important in order to provide the right balance of nutrients and high-quality protein. "It’s important to understand how each type of hay contributes toward this goal,” Getty says. "Legumes are slightly low in the essential amino acid methionine. On the other hand, they are high in the essential amino acid lysine. Therefore, it is beneficial to create a balance by feeding legume hays with grass hays. The high lysine content of legumes boosts the quality of grass hays, and the high methionine content of grass hays boosts the quality of legumes, thus creating a complementary protein that is of high quality.”
Feeding a poor quality protein will result in a horse that is less able to producebody proteins including muscle, bone, tendons, red blood cells, skin, hair, hooves, enzymes and antibodies. "Instead of paying close attention to the percent crude protein value of a hay, horses would be better served by mixing hays to create a feeding regimen of high quality,” Getty says.
Quality is also an issue when determining which hay to feed your horse, according to Schurg. "Horse owners should find the highest quality hay they can afford to buy within the geographical area they live in,” he says. "Hay will generally make up at least 50 percent of the horse’s daily diet. Horse owners need to make sure the hay is clean, is a desirable stage of maturity, is readily consumed by the horse, and is free of dust, weeds and mold.”
Schurg notes that many owners will find feeding a combination of grass with alfalfa to be the best fit for their horses’ needs. "Keep in mind that roughage is the foundation of a safe and successful feed program,” he says. "Spend time selecting the best forage you can afford to buy.”


 http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-health/all-about-hay-23205.aspx

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